Urban Empire Sweats

Crusades, military expeditions, beginning in the, that were organized by western European in response to centuries of wars of expansion. Their objectives were to check the spread of, to retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern, to conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for. Between 1095, when the First Crusade was launched, and 1291, when the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in, there were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to, and even to the; the Crusades continued for several centuries after 1291. Crusading declined rapidly during the 16th century with the advent of the and the decline of authority. There were at least eight Crusades. The First Crusade lasted from 1096 to 1099. The Second Crusade began in 1147 and ended in 1149.

The Third Crusade started in 1189 and was concluded in 1192. The Fourth Crusade got underway in 1202 and ended in 1204. The Fifth Crusade lasted from 1217 until 1221. The Sixth Crusade occurred in 1228–29. The Seventh Crusade began in 1248 and ended in 1254. And the Eighth Crusade took place in 1270. There were also smaller Crusades against dissident Christian sects within Europe, including the (1209–29).

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The so-called People’s Crusade occurred in response to Pope ’s call for the First Crusade, and the took place in 1212. What was the purpose of the Crusades? Blitzkrieg game mods.

The First Crusade was led by, Hugh of Vermandois, and, and the People’s Crusade followed. The Second Crusade was headed by King of France and Emperor of Germany. Leaders of the Third Crusade included the Holy Roman emperor, of France, and especially (Richard the Lionheart) of England. Various French noblemen responded to Pope ’s call for the Fourth Crusade. The soldiers of the Fifth Crusade followed of Hungary and the French count, titular king of Jerusalem. The Holy Roman emperor led the Sixth Crusade, and King of France (St.

Louis) led the last two Crusades. Were the Crusades successful? The Crusades slowed the advance of Islamic power and may have prevented western Europe from falling under Muslim suzerainty. The Crusader states extended trade with the Muslim world, bringing new tastes and foods to Europe. The Crusades had a marked impact on the development of Western historical literature, bringing a plethora of chronicles and eyewitness accounts. However, never returned to its former glory after being sacked by the Fourth Crusade, and the schism between and Christianity was further entrenched.

The Islamic world saw the Crusaders as cruel invaders, which helped engender distrust and resentment toward the Christian world. Read more below:Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century, including the important regions of,. The Crusades, attempting to check this advance, initially enjoyed success, founding a Christian state in Palestine and Syria, but the continued growth of Islamic states ultimately reversed those gains. By the 14th century the had established themselves in the and would penetrate deeper into Europe despite repeated efforts to repulse them.The Crusades a controversial chapter in the history of, and their excesses have been the subject of centuries of. The Crusades also played an role in the expansion of Europe.

Sweating sickness, also called English sweat or English sweating sickness, a disease of unknown cause that appeared in England as an on five occasions—in 1485, 1508, 1517, 1528, and 1551. It was confined to, except in 1528–29, when it spread to the, appearing in and passing northward to Scandinavia and eastward to, and Russia; the also was involved, but with the exception of (a seaport in northern France), the disease did not spread to or.Apart from the second outbreak, all the were severe, with a very high mortality rate. The disease was fully described by the physician, who was practicing in Shrewsbury in 1551 when an outbreak of the sweating sickness occurred.

His account, (1552), is the main historical source of knowledge of the extraordinary disease. British physician John Caius, author of A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse (1552), the main historical source of knowledge of this disease. Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MarylandThe illness began with rigors, headache, giddiness, and severe prostration. After one to three hours, violent, drenching came on, accompanied by severe headache, and rapid pulse. Death might occur from 3 to 18 hours after the first onset of symptoms; if the patient survived for 24 hours, recovery was usually complete. Occasionally there was a vesicular rash.

Immunity was not conferred by an attack, and it was not unusual for patients to have several attacks. Each lasted for only a few weeks in any particular locality.Since 1578 the only outbreaks of a disease resembling the English sweat have been those of the Picardy sweat, which occurred frequently in France between 1718 and 1861. In that illness, however, there was invariably a rash lasting for about a week, and the mortality rate was lower.

Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription.It is difficult to know what the sweating sickness really was. Caius attributed it to dirt and filth.

All the epidemics occurred in late spring or summer, so it may very well have been spread by insects. The disease seemed to be more severe among the rich than among the poor, and the young and healthy were frequent victims. It is unlikely to have been a form of. One 20th-century writer identified it with, which is spread by lice and ticks and has many characteristics in common with sweating sickness. That explanation is certainly plausible. It is improbable that sweating sickness should appear as a well-defined disease and then vanish altogether, although such disappearances, while rare, are not unknown. Contemporary scholars have suggested that the illness was caused by infection.

This article was most recently revised and updated by, Senior Editor.